Name: WELMO ALCÂNTARA BARBOSA
Type: MSc dissertation
Publication date: 08/08/2022
Advisor:
Name |
Role |
|---|---|
| DANILO SALES BOCALINI | Advisor * |
Examining board:
| Name |
Role |
|---|---|
| DANILO SALES BOCALINI | Advisor * |
| NATALIA MADALENA RINALDI | Internal Examiner * |
Summary: With the growing prevalence of the elderly population, the need to implement public policies as well as interventions aimed at this population have come to be considered a demand with worldwide repercussions. However, the conditions of access to free spaces for physical activity have become increasingly challenging, mainly due to the support to populations that often face barriers to access as well as difficulties in achieving the minimum necessary dose of physical activity. From this perspective, although the Academia Popular para Pessoa Idosa (APPI) are a consolidated public health program to promote and facilitate active behavior, the program still lacks information on changes in psychophysiological parameters with the use of these devices. In addition, the use of APPIs information regarding the effectiveness of this strategy in the long term is still inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the psychophysiological repercussions of performing exercise with changes in execution speed and later to evaluate the effect of a supervised training program with controlled and unsupervised cadence performed in APPI on morphofunctional parameters, on quality of life. and in the level of physical activity of the elderly. To carry out this dissertation, two independent experimental approaches were used. Thus, two experimental phases were assumed that were configured in two studies. The first (study 1) consisted of the evaluation of changes in psychophysiological indicators of the elderly submitted to exercise sessions with different cadences of movement in gyms for the elderly. The second (study 2) was dedicated to evaluating the effect of 12 weeks of supervised and unsupervised training carried out in a gym for the elderly on morphofunctional and behavioral parameters of the elderly and on the quality of life of the elderly. To study 1, 15 physically independent older adults voluntarily participated in three 30-minute exercise sessions randomly distributed in: low cadence (L: 1 movement every 4 seconds), moderate cadence (M: 1 movement every 2 seconds) and with high cadence (H: 1 movements per second) with 30" of stimulus and 30" of recovery. The following equipment was used: elliptical, rowing, surfing and leg press. Heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (PE) and recovery (PR), pleasure (PP), number of movements (NM) before and immediately after the three sessions were evaluated. Differences (p<0.0001) were found for absolute values (L: 107 ± 12 < M: 130 ± 9 < H: 149 ± 5; bpm) and relative (F= 49.49; p< 0.0001) to HR. L cadence (60 ± 9%) presented values lower than M (75 ± 3%) and A (91 ± 3%), which also differed from each other. Significant differences (p< 0.01) for the area under curve of PE (L: 75 ± 26, M: 115 ± 16, A: 154 ± 4) and PR (L: 173 ± 16, M: 139 ± 12, H: 97 ± 6; UA) were identified among the cadences. Differences (p< 0.01) were found in NM (L: 435 ± 13 < M: 883 ± 191 < H: 1726 ± 53), PE after 30 min of the session (L: 4.2 ± 0.7 < M : 5.7 ± 0.7 < H: 7.4 ± 0.5). Regarding the PP, the M (-4.29 ± 0.38%) cadence provided a lower (p <0.01) reduction in pleasure in relation to the L (-21.43 ± 0.49%) and H (- 48.81 ± 0.90%) cadences that differed from each other. To study 2, 60 physically independent elderly people were randomly assigned to three groups: Trained with supervision (n:20; TS), Trained without supervision (n:20; TwS) and control group (N:20; C). The elderly in the TS and TwS groups underwent a 12-week program, with exercises performed 3 times a week for 30 minutes. Subjects in the TS group underwent weekly 30-minute sessions consisting of 5 minutes of warm-up (walking at 60% of Hrmax), followed by 20 sets of 30 seconds, using moderate cadence (M, 1 movement every 2 seconds), Metronome-controlled with 30 seconds of passive recovery between sets and five minutes of cool-down on non-consecutive days. The TwS group was instructed to freely attend the space, however, they trained spontaneously using only the equipment proposed by the study. The following equipment was used: elliptical, rowing, surfing and leg press. Additionally, the C group was instructed to maintain their daily routines throughout the investigation period. The following parameters were evaluated: body mass, body mass index, thickness of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii and vastus lateralis muscles, functional fitness by the tests of walking 10m (W10m), getting up from a sitting position (GSP), getting up from the prone position (GPP) and getting up from the chair and moving around the house (GCMA), quality of life considering the physical (PD), psychological (PD), environmental (ED) and social domains (SD) and, finally, the level of physical activity (PA). There were no significant changes (p> 0.05) in body mass, BMI and muscle thickness between groups and after the intervention period. However, considering the functional fitness tests, significant effects over time, in the parameters W10m (F= 4.185, p= 0.0469), GSP (F= 14.90, p< 0.0004), GPP (F=17, 56, p<0.0001), GCMA (F=51.40, p<0.0001) and IG (F=50.51 p<0.0001), were found only in the TS group. Considering the values related to quality of life, significant effects over time, in the PD (F=78.45; p< 0.0001), PD (F=101.6; p< 0.0001), SD (F= 54.60; p< 0.0001) and ED (F=21.68; p< 0.0001) domains were found, with emphasis on the interaction in all parameters, only in the TS and TwS groups. Effects on time (F= 1030, p>0.0001) and interaction (F= 215, p>0.0001) were found on PA only on TS and TwS groups after the intervention period. In conclusion, for study 1, the performance of different cadences induced different responses in the training load indicators in proportion to their execution speed in the elderly submitted to the exercise session in APPI. However, the moderate cadence provided an increase in HR, with values considered safe to perform the exercise. As for study 2, 12 weeks of training using APPIs equipment improved the perception of quality of life and the level of physical activity without promoting changes in anthropometric parameters and muscle thickness in the elderly in the TcS and TsS groups. However, supervised training was considered superior in promoting improvement in the functional fitness of the elderly.
Keywords: elderly, aging, physical exercise, health promotion, popular gym
